Periodontal disease is a common problem in adult breeding dogs. It is an accumulation of plaque and calculus (tartar) on tooth surfaces above and below the gum line. This causes pain and infection of the oral cavity with eventual tooth loss. It also predisposes the dog to other diseases caused by absorption of bacteria and toxins produced in the oral cavity. The process of development is as follows: bacteria plus saliva forms plaque layers on the tooth -> this hardens into calculus (tartar) -> the calculus causes gum irritation and swelling (gingivitis)-> the gums recede and bleed (gingival recession) -> infection leads to tooth dissolution and loss. This condition occurs in all breeds, but more commonly in small breeds due to dental overcrowding. There is also a genetic relationship. Signs include visible calculus, halitosis (bad breath), difficulty eating, oral bleeding, and oral pain. Treatment involves dental cleaning (ultrasonic scaling and polishing) at your veterinarians’ office with antibiotic therapy. Prevention is of uppermost importance. High quality dry food is abrasive and helps prevent/remove plaque. Moist foods become packed between or adhere to teeth promoting plaque. Chewing exercises can be beneficial, however hard objects (bones) can traumatize teeth. Softer objects (rawhide, Milk Bones, Nylabone, etc…) benefit the gums and remove some plaque. Brushing aids in removing plaque before it turns to calculus (dogs will need a gradual training process for this method). Oral rinses are available that have antibacterial properties. Hand instruments (dental scalers) can sometimes be used to remove calculus deposits from tooth surfaces. Consult your veterinarian for products and techniques.